Wild boars, red deer and roe deer on the Veluwe have changed their behaviour in response to the presence of wolves, according to the Fauna Management Unit Gelderland. The animals are more alert and move differently through the area. Wild boars are often seen in larger groups and sometimes seek protection near large grazers, while deer are more active in the evening and at night. Red deer reportedly hide their calves more often and nurse them less frequently to avoid revealing their location.

The changes have made it more difficult to count the animals and manage their populations. Wolves affect wildlife numbers by preying on young animals, but the Fauna Management Unit says this is not enough to reach the population levels set by the province, so hunting remains necessary to reduce collisions and protect young trees. The unit also says the wolf’s presence has positive effects for nature management, while noting that its impact on agricultural areas is different.