Scientists reported that Shanidar A, a male Neanderthal buried about 75,000 years ago in Shanidar Cave in northern Iraq, probably died after being struck by a wooden spear. The deep wound in his shoulder blade was consistent with a forceful attack, and its angle suggested that the attacker and victim were facing each other, although the circumstances and motive remain unknown.

Researchers also found indications that Shanidar A had received long-term care from other Neanderthals. A severe dental injury sustained years before his death may have made it necessary for relatives to prepare and process food for him.