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Belgian scientist Francis Halzen, 82, received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on detecting high-energy neutrinos. Reports described him as a pioneer of measurements of the elusive particles, using Antarctic ice.
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The Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to German researchers Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel and American researcher Karl Deisseroth for discoveries in optogenetics. The technique uses light to activate or switch off nerve cells and enables researchers to study brain activity with precision. The work has helped researchers examine how nerve cells are involved in memory, feelings and behaviour.