Representatives of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Turkey met Iranian leaders in Tehran in what was described as the first joint action by the three countries since they signed the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement on 7 August. The pact provides for mutual military support and treats an attack on one member as an attack on all three, although its full text has not been released. It was officially activated after a Houthi rocket attack on Riyadh airport on 5 October, amid reported attacks on Saudi airports and energy infrastructure by Iran-backed Houthi forces from Yemen.

Pakistan and Turkey had agreed to prepare troops for rapid deployment to Saudi Arabia, while Turkey had already supplied air-defence systems and technical personnel for defensive operations. Turkish and Pakistani officials said their countries would not send troops to another country to conduct attacks, and Pakistan denied involvement in air strikes against Houthi targets. Pakistani military personnel, fighter aircraft and air-defence systems were already present in Saudi Arabia under an earlier agreement, while claims that Pakistani aircraft had taken part in attacks were denied by Pakistan.